16TH FINANCE COMMISSION
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The Sixteenth Finance Commission's terms of reference (ToR) have
been approved by the Union Cabinet.
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The crucial responsibility of recommending the formula for
distributing revenue between the Centre and the States over the next five
years, beginning on April 1, 2026, falls on this commission.
What are the primary responsibilities of the 16th Finance
Commission?
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Dividends from Taxes: recommending that the Union Government and
the States split taxes in accordance with Chapter I, Part XII of the
Constitution.
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This incorporates the distribution of divides between the States
from these expense continues.
Guidelines for Aid Grants: establishing the guidelines for state
aid grants funded by the Consolidated Fund of India.
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This includes figuring out how much money should be given to the
states as grants-in-aid, specifically under Article 275 of the Constitution,
for purposes other than those listed in clause (1)'s provisos.
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Upgrading State Assets for Neighborhood Bodies: determining ways
to improve a state's consolidated fund.
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This is pointed toward enhancing the assets accessible to
Panchayats and Regions inside the State, in light of proposals made by the Express'
own Money Bonus.
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Evaluation of Funding for Disaster Management: The Commission
might look at how disaster management projects are funded right now.
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This entails examining the funds established by the Disaster
Management Act of 2005 and making appropriate suggestions for enhancements or
modifications.
What is the Money Commission?
About:
·
The Money Commission in India is a protected body laid out under
Article 280 of the Indian Constitution.
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Its essential capability is to suggest the dissemination of
monetary assets between the focal government and the state legislatures.
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The Fifteenth Money Commission was comprised on 27th November,
2017. Through its Interim and Final Reports, it provided recommendations for a
period of six years beginning on April 1, 2020.
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The suggestions of the Fifteenth Money Commission are substantial
up to the monetary year 2025-26.
CLIMATE ENGINEERING
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In its report on the ethics of climate engineering, the United
Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) emphasized
the significance of including vulnerable, neglected, and marginalized
individuals, women, young people, and indigenous people, as key stakeholders in
policy decisions regarding the contentious field of climate engineering.
Climate
engineering: what is it?
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Environment designing alludes to the purposeful alteration of
Earth's environment to check or alleviate the impacts of environmental change.
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The removal of greenhouse gases from the atmosphere or the
reflection of sunlight away from Earth is two examples of this.
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Environment designing strategies are acquiring strategy
consideration because of the ongoing hole between environment strategy targets
and the important decreases in air ozone harming substance fixations.
Environment
designing is characterized into two gatherings of procedures:
Removal of
Carbon Dioxide (CDR):
·
It eliminates and stores the radiated carbon dioxide from the air.
CDR includes five methodologies. This comprises:
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Through afforestation and reforestation, direct air capture can be
used to manage land use. Sequestering carbon dioxide (CO2) produced by biomass
that can also be used as an energy source improves the natural weathering
processes that remove CO2 from the atmosphere and increases the ocean's ability
to absorb CO2.
·
New CDR advances have performed exclusively around 0.1% of carbon
evacuation around 2.3 million tons each year as per a report in the diary
Nature.
Modification
of solar radiation (SRM):
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Increasing the planet's surface reflectivity, painting structures
with reflective paint, planting crops with high reflectivity, increasing the
reflectivity of marine clouds, removing infrared-absorbing clouds, injecting
aerosols into the lower stratosphere to mimic the cooling effect of volcanic
eruptions, and reducing the amount of solar radiation reaching Earth by putting
reflectors or shields in space are additional SRM methods.
What
are the Issues connected with Environment Designing Featured in the Report?
Moral Issues:
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Environment designing techniques might represent a "ethical
risk" by giving partners motivation to try not to lessen non-renewable
energy source use. An exhaustive methodology includes thinking about these
procedures as a feature of a more extensive arrangement of environment
strategies, creating some distance from the ethical peril system.
·
Climate engineering is confronted by the problem of
"organized irresponsibility," in which it is difficult to identify
specific institutions that are responsible for assigning blame due to the
combination of uncertainties and environmental risks. This is because there is
no clear individual accountability because all institutions are interconnected.
Prudent
Issues:
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Companies may promote climate engineering as a preferred strategy
for combating global warming while encouraging business investment and economic
expansion.
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Countries with different
economic interests must work together internationally to implement climate
engineering technologies. It will be difficult to adapt these technologies in a
way that helps countries that are at risk without putting others in danger.
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Administration
and Guideline Issues:
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As of now, activity on environmental change experiences a hole
between the worldwide methodology that it requires and the ongoing country
state-based legitimate request.
Governance based on climate
engineering necessitates collaboration with non-state actors and a multi-level
approach. The contribution of such entertainers can be a wellspring of chance,
notwithstanding, respectful society can likewise assume a significant part in
forcing foundations to meet their commitments, like through suit.
What
recommendations does the UNESCO report make?
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In addition to taking into account the transboundary effects of
their decisions on all humans and ecosystems, UNESCO advised its Member States
to enact legislation that regulates climate action.
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To avoid the possibility of effects being distributed unevenly
across space, nations should enter into regional agreements.
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It demanded that techniques for climate engineering not be used as
weapons.
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It added that political or monetary interests shouldn't impede
logical exploration on environment designing.
GOI AND UNLF
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The Public authority of India (GOI) and Legislature of Manipur
consented to a Harmony Arrangement with Joined Public Freedom Front (UNLF) ,
which is most established valley-based extremist gathering of Manipur.
What exactly is the UNLF, or United National Liberation Front?
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The UNLF was shaped in 1964, and is particular from the extremist
gatherings dynamic in the state's Naga-ruled and Kuki-Zomi overwhelmed slopes.
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The UNLF is one of the seven "Meitei Fanatic
Associations" restricted by the Association government under the Unlawful
Exercises Avoidance Act, 1967. Outside of Indian Territory, the UNLF has been
operating.
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The largest insurgent group among the Naga factions, the NSCN
(IM), is believed to have provided the UNLF with initial training.
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It operates in a few villages in the Kuki-Zomi hill districts and
all of Manipur's valleys.
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It is a group that is against the law. With assistance from the
Myanmar military, it mostly operates out of camps and training bases in Chin
State, Rakhine State, and the Sagaing Region of Myanmar.
What is the Peace Accord's Purpose?
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The understanding is expected to achieve a critical lift in
introducing another time of harmony, especially in Manipur and the North East
locale.
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This denotes the principal example where a Manipuri outfitted bunch
from the valley has decided to forsake savagery, getting back to standard
society while resolving to regard the Constitution of India and keep the
nation's regulations.
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The understanding won't just stop threats among UNLF and security
powers which have guaranteed valuable lives on the two sides over the last the
greater part a really long period yet in addition give a chance to address the
longstanding worries of the local area.
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The arrival of the UNLF to the standard will likewise energize
other valley-based equipped gatherings to partake in the harmony cycle.
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A Harmony Observing Board (PMC) will be comprised to direct
requirement of the concurred standard procedures.
What are the Other Guerilla Gatherings of Manipur?
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A few other Radical gatherings of Manipur are Kangleipak Socialist
Coalition (KCP), Individuals' Freedom Armed force (PLA), Kanglei Yawol Kanna
Lup (KYKL), Individuals' Progressive Party of Kangleipak (PREPAK), Public
Communist Committee of Nagaland - Khaplang (NSCN-K).
·
In 2008, insurgent groups from the Kuki-Zomi region, the state of
Manipur, and the central government all signed a trilateral Suspension of
Operations (SoO) agreement.
What exactly is the Pact of Suspension of Operations (SoO)?
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The SoO concurrence with Kuki was endorsed in 2008 as a truce
understanding between the Indian government and different Kuki assailant
bunches working in the northeastern territories of Manipur and Nagaland.
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The Kuki militant groups agreed to stop their violent activities
and go to designated camps where they would be watched by security forces as
part of the agreement.
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The Indian government agreed to stop fighting the Kuki groups in
exchange.
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The pact's successful execution is overseen by the Joint
Monitoring Group (JMG).
·
State and central security forces, as well as underground groups,
are unable to launch operations.
To deal with insurgent groups, what administrative arrangements
are in place?
Service of Advancement of North Eastern Locale (DoNER):
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In order to accelerate the rate of socio-economic development in
the North Eastern Region, it is in charge of matters pertaining to the
planning, implementation, and monitoring of development plans and projects.
Internal Line License (ILP):
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In order to preserve the original identity of the indigenous
people of Mizoram, Nagaland, and Arunachal Pradesh, outsiders are prohibited
from entering without an Inner Line Permit (ILP).
Sacred arrangement
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Article 244 (1) gives that arrangements of the fifth timetable
will apply to the organization or control of booked regions and planned clans.
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In order to establish Autonomous Districts Councils in the states
of Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura, and Mizoram, Article 244(2) states that the 6th
Schedule shall apply to the administration or control of schedule areas.
·
In accordance with these provisions, various autonomous districts,
such as Karbi Anglong, Khasi hill district, Chakma district, and so on, have
been established to accommodate the requirements of various ethnic groups.
RADIO BURSTS
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The mysterious radio signals that come from faraway galaxies are
known as Fast Radio Bursts (FRBs), and researchers are attempting to comprehend
a brand-new aspect of them.
·
The Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA), which will be
launched at the beginning of the 2030s, will aid in the investigation of FRBs
and enigmatic radio signals.
What is fast Radio Explodes (FRBs)?
·
Fast Radio Explodes (FRBs) are strong and brief explosions of
radio recurrence discharges starting from profound space. These puzzling and
serious signals last just milliseconds however discharge a measure of energy
equivalent to countless suns.
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FRBs may have their origins in magnetars, a type of neutron star
formed from the remains of exploding stars, according to astronomers.
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The revolution of magnetars is nearly slower than that of other
neutron stars.
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A massive star's collapse results in the formation of neutron
stars. Every proton and electron is crushed into a neutron as the core's very
center collapses. A neutron star can be left behind as a result of these newly
formed neutrons stopping the collapse.
·
A magnetar's magnetic field is a trillion times stronger than
Earth's and more than a thousand times stronger than that of other neutron
stars.
How are Neutron Stars Associated with the Beginning of FRBs?
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The event of FRBs could result from the impact of two neutron
stars.
·
Two distinct signals could be produced by the collision:
gravitational waves, which cause swells in space-time, and FRBs.
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In the past, electromagnetic counterparts have been observed to
accompany neutron star mergers.
·
The Laser Interferometer Gravitational-wave Observatory (LIGO) in
the US and the Virgo instrument in Italy mentioned a pivotal objective fact by
recognizing gravitational waves from the impact of two neutron stars without
precedent for 2015.