Context

Herbs have played a central role in India's ancient systems of medicine, particularly Ayurveda, Siddha, and Unani. Due to the rising global demand for natural and traditional medicines, the conservation and sustainable harvesting of rare medicinal flora have become critically important issues. Recently, successful efforts aimed at the sustainable cultivation of Kutki (Picrorhiza kurroa), an extremely rare and valuable herb found in the high Himalayan region, have drawn the attention of environmentalists, researchers, and policymakers.

What is Picrorhiza kurroa?

Picrorhiza kurroa, commonly known as Kutki, is a perennial medicinal herb belonging to the Plantaginaceae family.

• Natural Habitat: It is primarily found in the alpine and sub-alpine regions of the Himalayas at altitudes ranging from 2,700 to 4,500 metres.
• Botanical Structure: The plant grows via lateral branches creeping along the ground, scientifically known as 'stolons'. Its main medicinal properties lie within these stolons (a modified stem form), whereas its roots are fibrous.
• Taste and Nature: According to Ayurveda, Kutki has a pungent (Katu) and bitter (Tikta) taste, and possesses a cooling potency (Sheet Virya).

Reasons for Recent Headlines

• Halt on Destructive Harvesting and Shift to Sustainable Cultivation: Under the guidance of the 'Himalayan Research Group' (HRG), farmers in the Mandi district of Himachal Pradesh have developed a successful model for the scientific and sustainable cultivation of Kutki.

• Stolon Technique: Instead of the traditional practice of uprooting the entire plant, farmers now harvest only its lateral stolons. This leaves the mother plant intact in the soil, allowing it to yield crops for several years.
• Himalayan Bioresource Mission: Initiated in 2022 under the Department of Biotechnology's (DBT) 'Himalayan Bioresource Mission', this initiative has engaged over 180 farmers in Mandi to establish the largest cultivation cluster of Kutki on private land.
• Livelihood Improvement: Through scientific cultivation, local farmers are earning an additional annual income of ₹15,000 to ₹16,000 by selling 5–6 kg of dried Kutki each year.

Importance of Medicinal Herbs in India

• Healthcare Security and Traditional Knowledge: Over 70% of India's rural population relies on traditional medicinal herbs for primary healthcare.

• Economic and Export Potential: The global herbal market is expanding rapidly. India stands as one of the major exporters of AYUSH (Ayurveda, Yoga, Unani, Siddha, and Homoeopathy) products.
• Biodiversity and Ecological Balance: Medicinal plants play a crucial role in stabilizing high-mountain ecosystems and preventing soil erosion.
• Nutraceutical Industry: The use of active bioactive compounds derived from plants is growing within modern pharmaceutical and nutraceutical industries.

Status of Kutki in India

• Conservation Status:

  • IUCN Red List: Categorised as Endangered.
  • Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES): Included in Appendix II, making special export permits and regulation mandatory for its international trade.
• Geographical Distribution: In India, it grows naturally in the high-altitude Himalayan regions of Jammu & Kashmir, Ladakh, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, and Sikkim.
• Major Threats:
  • Excessive and unscientific exploitation.
  • Habitat destruction and climate change.
  • The misconception that its medicinal properties reside in the root, which previously led to uprooting the whole plant.

Efforts Towards the Conservation and Protection of Kutki

• Role of Scientific Institutions: The 'Himalayan Research Group' (HRG), a core support group of the DST (Department of Science and Technology), trained farmers in non-destructive harvesting techniques.

• Government Schemes: Promotion of both in-situ and ex-situ conservation of rare medicinal plants by the 'National Medicinal Plants Board' (NMPB) and the 'Department of Biotechnology' (DBT).
• Community-Based Farming: Encouraging commercial production by farmers on private agricultural land to alleviate pressure on wild resources.

Primary Uses of Kutki

• Liver Disorders: Its primary active constituent compounds, 'Picroside' (Picroside I & II) and 'Kutkoside', protect the liver (hepatoprotective properties) and are highly effective against jaundice and hepatitis.

• Digestive System Improvement: It stimulates bile secretion, improves appetite, and relieves constipation and indigestion.
• Fever and Immunity: Traditionally used to treat chronic long-standing fevers (Jeerna Jwara) and to boost the body's immune system.
• Skin and Respiratory Diseases: Helpful in treating atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis, and asthma.

Rules and Regulations for Herbal Farming and Trade in India

Key legal frameworks governing the cultivation, collection, and marketing of medicinal plants in India:

• Biological Diversity Act, 2002:
  • Regulates Access and Benefit Sharing (ABS) regarding biological resources through the 'National Biodiversity Authority' (NBA) and 'State Biodiversity Boards' (SBB).
• National Medicinal Plants Board (NMPB):
  • Operating under the Ministry of AYUSH, the NMPB establishes standards for 'Good Agricultural and Collection Practices' (GACP) and provides subsidies for medicinal plant farming.
• CITES and Foreign Trade Policy (EXIM Policy):
  • Exporting plants listed under CITES Appendix II (like Kutki) requires obtaining a Certificate of Legal Procurement from the Wildlife Crime Control Bureau (WCCB) and DGFT.
• Indian Forest Act, 1927 and State Forest Laws:
  • Uprooting or collecting rare medicinal herbs from reserved forest areas without explicit permission is a punishable offence.

Historical Context

• Vedic and Ayurvedic Eras: Ancient texts such as the Charaka Samhita and Sushruta Samhita mention Kutki as a key medicinal herb belonging to the 'Tikta Varga' (bitter group).

• Traditional Consumption: Local residents of Himalayan regions have gathered and used wild Kutki for centuries to treat stomach aches, fevers, and infections.
• Era of Commercial Exploitation: Heavy demand from modern herbal and allopathic industries during the late 20th century led to unchecked exploitation, driving the species to the brink of extinction.

Analysis

• Positive Aspects:
  • Shifting dependence away from natural forests toward private land cultivation strengthens the conservation of wild species.
  • The 'Stolon Method' strikes a sustainable balance between environmental conservation and economic gains.
• Challenges:
  • Long Maturity Cycle: Kutki takes 3 to 4 years to mature, making it difficult for smallholder farmers to generate immediate income.
  • Quality Control and Value Addition: Lack of direct market access or fair pricing from pharma companies, compounded by the presence of middlemen.
  • Climate Change: Temperature variations in high Himalayan regions caused by global warming are affecting its natural growth patterns.

Way Forward

• Expansion of GACP: Raise awareness among farmers regarding Good Agricultural and Collection Practices to ensure herb quality matches international standards.

• Market Linkages and Minimum Support Price (MSP): Establish Minimum Support Prices or transparent buyback mechanisms for medicinal herbs to guarantee a stable income for farmers.
• Tissue Culture and Research: Increase the application of biotechnology for supplying high-quality seeds and planting material.
• Cluster-Based Farming: Develop specialized 'Medicinal Plant Clusters' for Kutki across high Himalayan states (Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Jammu & Kashmir).

Conclusion

The scientific and sustainable cultivation of Kutki is not merely an attempt to save an endangered plant species; it stands as an exemplary model of balance between ecological conservation and rural livelihoods. Through eco-friendly techniques like the 'Stolon Method' and community-led participation, it has been demonstrated that economic prosperity can be attained without depleting natural resources. If this model is replicated across other threatened medicinal plants alongside robust market access and policy protection, India can safeguard its traditional knowledge heritage while emerging as a global leader in the herbal and nutraceutical sectors.

Context

Comprehensive changes are being made to the statistical framework to make the key data of the Indian economy more accurate, up-to-date, and relevant. In this sequence, following the revision of national accounts, Consumer Price Index (CPI), Wholesale Price Index (WPI), and Index of Industrial Production (IIP), a new series of the Index of Core Industries (ICI) has now been released in June 2026. With an updated base year, inclusion of new sectors, and revised methodologies, this upgrade is a significant step reflecting the real state of the economy.

What is the Index of Core Industries (ICI)?

• Introduction: The Index of Core Industries is a key economic indicator that measures the momentum of the country's core infrastructure and industrial production.

• Objective: It tracks the performance of the economy's core sectors periodically, which determine the direction of overall industrial production (IIP).
• Ministry: Currently, this index is released by the Office of the Economic Adviser under the Ministry of Commerce and Industry.

Reasons for Being in the News

• Updated Base Year and New Series: The June 2026 data has been released on the basis of a new base year and modern methodologies.

• Increase in the Number of Sectors (8 to 9): The number of sectors in the old series has been increased from 8 to 9, with the newly included iron ore sector.
• Elimination of Double-Counting: Improvements have been made in the measurement methods for the steel and coal sectors to eliminate previous overlapping or double-counting.
• Restructuring of Weights:
  • Coal and Natural Gas: The weights of both these sectors have been reduced to nearly half (Coal: ~5.6%, Natural Gas: ~3.8%).
  • Electricity Sector: The weight of electricity has increased from less than 20% in the previous series to more than 30% now.

Analysis of June 2026 Performance

• High Growth of 5%: In June 2026, the index registered a 5-month high growth of 5%, indicating that Indian industry is leaving behind the slump caused by the West Asia crisis.

• Statistical 'Base Effect':
  • Robust growth was recorded in iron ore at 43.9% and in the electricity sector at 9.8%.
  • However, this rapid growth is largely the result of a statistical 'base effect' due to the contraction recorded in the corresponding period of the previous year.

Long-term Systemic Challenges

• Persistent Contraction in Crude Oil and Natural Gas: The new series, like the old one, highlights systemic shortcomings in the country's energy sector.

• Continuous Decline: Crude oil has been contracting (declining) continuously for the last 18 months and natural gas for the last 24 months.
• Serious Shortcoming: If the country possesses these resources and is still unable to extract them economically and commercially, it reflects a serious policy and structural shortcoming.

Shift Toward Renewable Energy

• An increase of over 30% in the weight of the electricity sector indicates a massive surge in the overall demand for electricity in the country.

• Along with this, this shift underscores the rapidly growing share of renewable energy (solar, wind, etc.) in India's power generation basket.

Need for Statistical Reorganisation

• Current Division: Currently, the Consumer Price Index (CPI) and Index of Industrial Production (IIP) are managed by the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI), while Wholesale Price Index (WPI) and ICI are managed by the Ministry of Commerce and Industry.

• Suggestion: Given the recent upgrade of ICI and WPI, it is the right time to transfer all these economic indices under one roof at MoSPI to ensure better statistical coordination and accuracy.

Analysis

The new series of the Index of Core Industries accurately reflects the structural changes taking place in the Indian economy especially the growing dominance of electricity and renewable sources in the energy sector. Although the 5% growth driven by the base effect is encouraging, the persistent decline in crude oil and natural gas production raises a major question mark over our domestic energy security.

Way Forward

• Promoting Domestic Exploration and Production (E&P): To revive the continuously declining production of crude oil and natural gas, domestic extraction must be facilitated through modern technology, private investment, and policy reforms.

• Institutional Integration: To bring uniformity to economic data, WPI and ICI should also be brought under the 'Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI)'.
• Grid Reforms and Renewable Energy Development: Considering the 30%+ weightage of electricity, strengthening the energy grid and increasing investment in green energy should be a priority.
• Indigenous Renewable Energy: By reducing geopolitical uncertainties and import dependency, India must rapidly move toward 'energy self-reliance' through solar, wind, and green hydrogen.

Conclusion

The updating of the new ICI series is a progressive step toward making India's economic data more authentic and transparent. While it signals the economy's recovery from a slowdown, resolving structural issues like the persistent decline in crude oil is essential. Alongside statistical reforms, if focus is placed on the extraction of domestic resources, India can robustly secure its long-term industrial and energy security.

Context

The West Asia (Middle East) region has long been the epicenter of geopolitical instability. Primarily, the Iran-led "Axis of Resistance" (which includes Hezbollah, Hamas, and the Houthis of Yemen) and the US-Israel alliance along with the Gulf nations have been in a direct face-off. Recently, on February 28, a direct military conflict broke out between the US-Israel and Iran. Following this, Iran blockaded the strategically vital Strait of Hormuz. This blockade disrupted global energy supplies, in response to which Gulf countries (especially Saudi Arabia) began utilizing alternative Red Sea routes for their oil exports.

Who are the Houthis?

• Origin and Identity: The Houthis, officially known as 'Ansar Allah', are an armed political and religious movement belonging to Yemen's Zaidi Shia community.

• Rise to Power: During the Yemeni Civil War in 2014-15, the Houthis captured major population centers of Yemen, including the capital Sana'a, as well as coastal areas adjoining the Red Sea.
• Regional Alliance: The Houthis receive direct military, financial, and ideological support from Iran. They are the primary military and political force fighting against Yemen's internationally recognized government (which is backed by Saudi Arabia).

Reason for Discussion (Current Developments)

• Breakdown of Ceasefire (July 13): A fragile but functional ceasefire between Saudi Arabia and the Houthis collapsed on July 13 when forces of "Yemen’s internationally recognized government" launched an attack on Sana'a airport.

• Allegations against Saudi Arabia: The Houthis held Saudi Arabia (Riyadh) responsible for this attack.
• Declaration of Red Sea Blockade (July 20): As retaliation, on July 20, the Houthis announced a maritime blockade on all vessels using Saudi ports (especially Yanbu) on the Red Sea.
• Attacks on Kuwait and Jordan: In response to US strikes, Iran targeted Kuwait's desalination plants and power grid. Alongside this, the conflict expanded to Jordan, which hosts two major US military bases.

Current War Situation – Dialogue and Escalation Trap

• Failure of Dialogue: On June 17, a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) was signed between the US and Iran, raising hopes for a diplomatic solution.

• Hormuz Dispute and Return to War: Following disputes over control of the Strait of Hormuz, negotiations stalled, and the US administration re-engaged in military actions.
• Escalation Trap: The current scenario has transformed into a 'trap' where old military tactics are being repeatedly pursued while expecting different (positive) results. This has heightened the risk of dragging the US into yet another long, intractable, and forever war in the region.

Implications of Houthi Entry

• Multi-Theater Expansion of War: The direct involvement of the Houthis has expanded the conflict beyond Iran and US-Israel, spreading across the entire Red Sea and Arabian Sea maritime zones.

• Blow to Saudi Arabia's Alternative Strategy: Saudi Arabia, which was bypassing the impact of the Strait of Hormuz blockade by exporting oil from the Red Sea port of 'Yanbu' via its East-West Pipeline, has now come under the crosshairs of the Houthis.
• Global Economic Shocks: The entry of the Houthis has rendered the economic front far more vulnerable and severe.

Red Sea – Bab-el-Mandeb and Their Present Significance

• Geographical Position: Bab-el-Mandeb is a narrow strait (chokepoint) connecting the Red Sea to the Gulf of Aden and the Arabian Sea.

• Yemeni Control: The Houthis control the entire coastline of Yemen directly facing Bab-el-Mandeb.
• Current Strategic Importance: Following the closure of Hormuz, Bab-el-Mandeb remained the only operational and critical maritime route for vessels transporting crude oil, LNG, and commercial cargo between Asia and Europe.

Consequences if Transit in the Red Sea and Bab-el-Mandeb is Blocked?

• Paralysis of Global Supply Chains: Asia-Europe trade routed through the Suez Canal will come to a complete halt.

• Sharp Rise in Freight and Insurance Rates: Ships will be forced to detour around Africa's 'Cape of Good Hope', adding 10 to 14 days of travel delay and causing a massive surge in shipping costs and fuel expenditure.
• Energy and Food Crisis: Prices of crude oil, natural gas, and essential daily commodities will skyrocket globally, fueling worldwide inflation.

Situation for India

• Crisis in Energy Security: India imports over 80% of its crude oil requirement. The disruption of both major Middle Eastern chokepoints (Hormuz and Bab-el-Mandeb) will hit oil supplies hard and drastically inflate the import bill.

• Commercial Exports Affected: Indian exports of agricultural products, textiles, and engineering goods bound for Europe, North Africa, and the Americas will face cost escalations and logistical delays.
• Safety of Indian Diaspora: Millions of Indians reside and work in Gulf countries. The expansion of war to Kuwait and Jordan will adversely impact the safety of the Indian diaspora and incoming remittances.

Analysis

The US policy of seeking a diplomatic solution through military pressure is proving to be contradictory. The crisis spreading to Bab-el-Mandeb after Hormuz demonstrates that 'economic and logistical blockades' have replaced conventional warfare as weapons. If this stalemate is not halted immediately, the global economy will be plunged into a prolonged recession.

Way Forward

• Immediate Ceasefire and Multilateral Diplomacy: The US and regional powers must abandon military strategies and immediately return to the diplomatic table. Talks should be resumed using the June 17 Memorandum of Understanding as a foundation.

• Joint Mechanism for Maritime Security: Neutral international naval patrols should be established in Bab-el-Mandeb and the Red Sea under the aegis of the United Nations (UN) and the International Maritime Organization (IMO).
• Strategic Recommendations for India:
  • Diversification of Energy Sources: India must reduce its over-reliance on West Asia by increasing crude oil imports from Russia, West Africa, and Latin America.
  • Strengthening Strategic Petroleum Reserves (SPR): India should ensure swift and full utilization of its strategic oil reserves to meet domestic demands during crises.
  • Indigenous Renewable Energy: To secure a future resilient against geopolitical uncertainties, India must reduce reliance on crude oil and rapidly adopt indigenous renewable energy (solar, wind, and green hydrogen) to move toward 'energy self-reliance'.
  • Strategic Diplomacy: India should leverage its balanced ties with Iran, Saudi Arabia, the US, and Israel to play an active role as a peace mediator.
  • Naval Security Presence: The presence of the Indian Navy under 'Operation Sankalp' should be further reinforced to protect Indian merchant vessels in the Arabian Sea and the Gulf of Aden.

Conclusion

The ongoing West Asian crisis is no longer merely a regional dispute; it has morphed into an existential threat to the global order and supply chains. Swift diplomacy, rather than military force, is the only pragmatic way out of this 'escalation trap'. To safeguard its economic stability and energy security, India must maintain a balance of strategic autonomy, supply diversification, and proactive maritime diplomacy.

General Studies Paper – II: Governance, Constitution, Polity, Social Justice, and International Relations.

Context

Recently, participating in the 21st East Asia Summit (EAS) held in Manila, the capital of the Philippines, India's External Affairs Minister S. Jaishankar emphasized the security, freedom, and compliance with international rules regarding global maritime routes. In this summit, India advocated for keeping international waterways unimpeded, a peaceful resolution to the Myanmar and West Asia crises, and a firm stance against terrorism.

What is the East Asia Summit (EAS)?

• Introduction & Establishment: The East Asia Summit (EAS) is a premier leader-led forum for strategic, political, and economic dialogue in the Indo-Pacific region. It was established in the year 2005 with the first summit held in Kuala Lumpur (Malaysia). India is a founding member of this forum.

• Member Countries: Presently, it has 19 members. This includes 11 ASEAN countries (Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam, and Timor-Leste) and 8 dialogue partners (Australia, China, India, Japan, New Zealand, South Korea, Russia, and the United States of America).
• Objectives:
  • To promote peace, security, stability, and economic prosperity in the Indo-Pacific region.
  • To encourage open and transparent dialogue on strategic and security challenges.
  • To accelerate regional integration, trade, connectivity, and sustainable development.
• Working Mechanism:
  • ASEAN Centrality: This forum operates under ASEAN leadership. Its chairmanship is held annually by the country holding the ASEAN chairmanship.
  • 6 Priority Areas of Cooperation: Environment and Energy, Education, Finance, Global Health and Pandemic, Natural Disaster Management, and ASEAN Connectivity.
  • In addition to the annual Summit, meetings of Foreign Ministers, Economic Ministers, and regular discussions among Senior Officials are organized every year.

Reasons for Being in the News

• 21st East Asia Summit: Organization of the 21st EAS in Manila (Philippines), where India was represented by External Affairs Minister S. Jaishankar.

• Focus on Maritime Security: Against the backdrop of rising tensions and attacks on commercial shipping in global maritime corridors, maritime security was a top priority.
• West Asia and Myanmar Crisis: Serious concern was expressed over the ongoing conflict in the Persian Gulf/West Asia and the civil war in Myanmar.
• Befitting Reply to Pakistani Claims: Strong rebuttal by India against statements made by Pakistan's Deputy Prime Minister Ishaq Dar on Kashmir and the Indus Waters Treaty during the 33rd ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF).

Key Views Presented by the External Affairs Minister: "Uncertainty of Global Order and Maritime Security"

Addressing the summit, External Affairs Minister S. Jaishankar clearly outlined the international landscape and India's perspective:

"International waterways must remain safe and unimpeded, fully in consonance with international law. Under no circumstances can attacks on seafarers, civilian shipping or infrastructure be countenanced."

• State of the Global Order: He described the evolving nature of the current global order as "uncertain and volatile".
• Call for Diplomacy and Dialogue: To end the Persian Gulf and West Asia crisis, India highlighted diplomacy and dialogue as the only practical way forward, rather than military means.

India's Stance on the South China Sea

• Adherence to International Laws: Reiterating its consistent position on the South China Sea, India expressed full commitment to UNCLOS 1982 (United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea).

• Legally Binding Code of Conduct (CoC): India supported the early conclusion of a substantive, effective, and legally binding Code of Conduct for the South China Sea that does not prejudice the legitimate rights of all users.
• ASEAN Centrality: India emphasized that 'ASEAN Centrality' and regional stability are essential for realizing a "free, open, and prosperous" Indo-Pacific.

Indus Waters Treaty and India's Response to Pakistan

• Pakistan's Irresponsible Approach: At the 33rd ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF), Pakistan's Deputy Prime Minister and Foreign Minister Ishaq Dar attempted to politicize the issue by raising the Jammu-Kashmir dispute and the Indus Waters Treaty.

• Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) Counterattack: Outrightly rejecting Pakistan's statements, India's official spokesperson Randhir Jaiswal stated:

"It is no surprise that a multilateral forum has once again been cynically exploited by Pakistan to amplify falsehoods, peddle state-sponsored disinformation, and divert attention from its own well-documented record of sponsoring cross-border terrorism."

• India's Clear Message: India made it clear that until Pakistan stops harboring terrorism, its rhetoric on multilateral forums is merely an attempt to hide its own failures.

Other Important Points

• Myanmar Crisis: On the military coup of February 2021 and conflicts involving Ethnic Armed Organisations (EAOs) in Myanmar, India supported ASEAN's efforts and stressed the need to find a political solution.

• Zero Tolerance on Terrorism: India reiterated its policy of "zero tolerance for terrorism" and warned that acts of terrorism will have consequences.
• Cyber Security: A call was made to prioritize collective and organized international action against global cyber-scam centers.
• Israel-Palestine Issue: For lasting peace in the Middle East, India reaffirmed its commitment to a 'Two-State Solution'.
• Upcoming EAS Events Hosted by India:
  1. 7th EAS Conference on Maritime Security Cooperation in Kochi.
  2. EAS Maritime Heritage Festival in the ancient port city of Lothal (Gujarat).

Analysis

• Strategic Significance: The 21st EAS highlights that the focal point of global trade is now the Indo-Pacific and the South China Sea. Any disruption in these waterways directly impacts global supply chains and energy security.

• Balanced Foreign Policy: India has established itself as a strong advocate of a neutral yet rules-based international order. Supporting freedom of navigation under UNCLOS 1982 serves as a diplomatic counter to China's unilateral claims.
• Leveraging Regional Forums: India effectively foiled Pakistan's anti-India agenda on multilateral forums while keeping the focus on core issues like terrorism and global security.

Way Forward

• Maritime Domain Awareness (MDA): India must further strengthen its surveillance capabilities in the Indian Ocean and adjacent waterways, as well as mechanisms like the Information Fusion Centre – Indian Ocean Region (IFC-IOR).

• Strategic Cooperation with ASEAN: Deepening military and diplomatic cooperation with ASEAN countries in maritime security, cybersecurity, and disaster management is essential.
• Enforcement of International Law: Consensus-based adherence to international law (UNCLOS) by all parties must be ensured to maintain peace in the South China Sea and global waterways.
• Deeper Economic Integration: Regional connectivity should be enhanced by removing trade barriers and reviving historical and cultural ties through sites like Lothal.

Conclusion

The 21st East Asia Summit underscores the importance of multilateral dialogue in today's multipolar and volatile global order. India's backing for the security of international waterways, a firm stance against terrorism, and support for a rules-based order prove that India is not merely a bystander in the Indo-Pacific region, but a responsible and vital pillar of peace, security, and stability.