CURRENT-AFFAIRS

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• Recently, the World Health Organization (WHO) chief urged global leaders to put pressure on Washington to reconsider President Donald Trump's decision to withdraw the United States from the U.N. health agency.
• About the World Health Organization (WHO):
  • WHO is a specialized agency of the United Nations focused on public health.
  • Established in 1948, the WHO aims to ensure the highest attainable level of health for all people globally.
  • According to the WHO Constitution, health is defined as complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.
  • The organization plays a crucial role in global health leadership, shaping health research agendas, setting norms and standards, providing technical support to countries, and monitoring and assessing health trends worldwide.
  • WHO currently has 193 member countries and two associate members.
  • The WHO's administrative headquarters is located in Geneva, Switzerland.
• Structure:
  • Governance: The governance of WHO is carried out through the World Health Assembly, which meets annually to discuss and set policies, and an Executive Board consisting of health specialists elected for three-year terms by the Assembly.
  • The WHO is led by a Director-General, who is nominated by the Executive Board and appointed by the World Health Assembly.
• Funding:
  • About 16% of WHO’s budget comes from mandatory dues paid by its member countries, while the rest is funded through voluntary donations from governments and private partners.
  • The largest contributors in recent years have included the United States, Germany, the United Kingdom, and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
• World Health Day:
  • Each year, April 7, the anniversary of its founding, is celebrated as World Health Day by WHO.

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• The pharmaceutical giant Pfizer recently announced its decision to voluntarily withdraw its sickle cell disease treatment, Oxbryta, from global markets due to the emergence of clinical data linking the drug to “fatal events.”
• About the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC):
  • The IFRC is the world’s largest humanitarian network, established in 1919 and headquartered in Geneva. It unites 192 Red Cross and Red Crescent societies, along with approximately 100 million volunteers worldwide.
  • The primary mission of the IFRC is to improve the conditions of the most vulnerable populations, providing international emergency assistance to people affected by both natural and man-made disasters, including those displaced by conflict and health crises.
  • In addition to its emergency response efforts, the IFRC works to enhance disaster preparedness in vulnerable communities, helping them become more resilient in the face of future crises. The Federation strengthens the capacities of its member societies to deliver effective emergency relief, disaster preparedness, and health and community care programs.
  • The IFRC also represents its member societies on the international stage and addresses global humanitarian issues such as rapid urbanization, climate change, migration, and violence.
  • Funding: The IFRC relies on voluntary contributions from governments, NGOs, corporate donors, and the public.
  • Relationship with ICRC: The IFRC collaborates closely with the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), which focuses on humanitarian law and aid in conflict zones.

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• At the 15th BRICS Agriculture Ministers’ Meeting held in Brazil, the BRICS Land Restoration Partnership was officially launched. India reiterated its strong commitment to inclusive, equitable, and sustainable agriculture, while all BRICS nations emphasized the importance of building a resilient and sustainable agri-food system.
• About the Partnership:
  • The initiative aims to combat land degradation, desertification, and declining soil fertility. It focuses on supporting small farmers, tribal communities, and local cultivators by blending traditional farming wisdom with modern scientific approaches.
• Why It Matters:
  • Land degradation is a pressing issue—around 32% of India’s land is degraded and 25% faces desertification, according to FAO.
• India’s Efforts in Sustainable Agriculture:
  • Key initiatives include the National Mission on Sustainable Agriculture (NMSA), Zero Budget Natural Farming (ZBNF), and water-saving schemes like "Per Drop More Crop." India also promotes climate-resilient crops, precision farming, and digital platforms such as AgriStack to support long-term sustainability.

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• On the 10th anniversary of UNESCO Global Geoparks (UGGPs), 16 new sites from 11 countries were added to the Global Geoparks Network (GGN), a non-profit body under UNESCO that promotes ethical standards for geopark management.
• These geoparks are recognized for their international geological importance and are managed with an emphasis on conservation, education, and sustainable development.
• Among the new entries are Kanbula in China, known for its preserved Maixiu volcanoes and the Yellow River; Mt Paektu in North Korea, which witnessed one of the largest eruptions around 1000 CE; and North Riyadh in Saudi Arabia, home to Wadi Obaitharan and ancient coral reef systems.
• UGGPs were established in 2015 under UNESCO’s International Geosciences and Geoparks Programme.
• These sites must be legally recognized and undergo reassessment every four years. Membership in GGN is compulsory for all UGGPs.
• Currently, there are 229 UNESCO Global Geoparks across 50 countries—none located in India.

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• The United Nations Development Programme’s 2025 Human Development Report, titled "A Matter of Choice: People and Possibilities in the Age of AI," emphasizes the growing influence of artificial intelligence in shaping future development. India climbed three places to rank 130 out of 193 countries, remaining in the medium human development category with an HDI value of 0.685.
• Life expectancy in India reached a record 72 years in 2023, and the average years of schooling rose to 13. However, challenges persist—India’s GNI per capita ranks seven spots below its HDI rank, and gender inequality remains a concern, with India ranking 102nd on the Gender Inequality Index.
• Globally, human development progress has slowed to its weakest pace since 1990, with widening disparities. On the AI front, India leads in self-reported AI skills, ranks 4th in the Global AI Index, and retains 20% of its AI researchers domestically—up from near-zero in 2019.

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• At a high-level ministerial summit held in Berlin, 74 UN Member States committed to strengthening peacekeeping by pledging enhanced capabilities such as rapid deployment assets, airlift support, advanced training, technological upgrades, and efforts to promote the Women, Peace and Security (WPS) agenda.
• The event marked the 10th anniversary of the 2015 New York Summit on Peacekeeping. India reaffirmed its strong commitment by pledging a Quick Reaction Force (QRF) Company, a women-led Formed Police Unit, a SWAT unit, and expanded peacekeeping training and partnership initiatives.
• The summit underlined the urgent need to modernize UN peacekeeping, ensure faster deployment, improve mission performance, and promote regional cooperation. India remains one of the largest contributors to UN peacekeeping, with over 290,000 personnel having served in more than 50 missions.
• Currently the fourth-largest troop-contributing country, India has led historic deployments, including the first all-women police unit in Liberia (2007), and received the Dag Hammarskjöld Medal in 2023.

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• Why in News?
  • The Asian Development Bank (ADB) has pledged $10 billion to support India’s urban infrastructure growth and metro network expansion.
• Key Provisions:-
  • This major investment aims to enhance livability and connectivity in rapidly growing cities.
  • In addition, ADB will contribute to India’s Urban Challenge Fund, which is designed to encourage greater private sector participation in urban development projects.
  • Established in 1966 with 31 founding members, ADB now includes 69 member countries—50 from the Asia-Pacific region and 19 from outside. Its headquarters is located in Manila, Philippines.
  • ADB plays a vital role in promoting inclusive, sustainable, and resilient development across Asia and the Pacific. As of December 31, 2023, its five largest shareholders are Japan and the United States (each holding 15.6% of total shares), followed by China (6.4%), India (6.3%), and Australia (5.8%).
  • This renewed commitment to India reflects ADB’s ongoing focus on supporting key infrastructure and development priorities in the region.

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• Why in News?
  • The Shangri-La Dialogue, an annual high-level security summit, is currently underway in Singapore.
• Key Provisions:-
  • Launched in 2002, the event was conceived in the context of post–Cold War multilateralism and the growing importance of defence diplomacy in the wake of 9/11. Named after the Shangri-La Hotel, where its first session was held, the Dialogue is organized by the International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS), London, with strong backing from the Singaporean government.
  • This platform functions as a “Track 1.5” multilateral dialogue, blending official governmental engagement with informal interactions among policymakers, defence officials, and strategic thinkers. Its primary aim is to foster open discussion on regional and global security concerns. Participants include defence ministers, military chiefs, and experts from Asia-Pacific, North America, Europe, and the Middle East, who gather to exchange perspectives, strengthen partnerships, and explore cooperative responses to shared security challenges in an increasingly complex international landscape.

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• Why in News?
  • A 25-member all-women Border Security Force (BSF) contingent has been deployed to the Democratic Republic of Congo as part of the United Nations peacekeeping mission. Their role will include maintaining peace, supporting local communities, and protecting civilians in conflict-affected regions.
• Key Provisions:-
  • UN Peacekeeping, initiated in 1948 with the creation of the United Nations Truce Supervision Organization (UNTSO) in the Middle East, is founded on three core principles: consent of the involved parties, impartiality, and the use of force only in self-defence or in defence of the mission's mandate.
  • Peacekeeping missions assist in political transitions, civilian protection, and support during elections. India has played a major role in UN peacekeeping, having contributed more than 290,000 personnel to over 50 missions since the 1950s. This makes India the largest contributor globally. The deployment of the BSF women contingent continues this legacy, highlighting India’s commitment to global peace and gender inclusion in security roles.

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• Why in News?
  • In the 2025 edition of the World Economic Forum’s Global Gender Gap Report, India has dropped to 131st out of 148 countries, slipping two places from its 2024 rank of 129. The country’s overall gender parity score stands at 64.4%, one of the lowest in South Asia. In contrast, Bangladesh showed significant improvement, leaping 75 spots to secure the 24th position globally—making it the region's top performer. Globally, no country has yet achieved complete gender parity. Iceland continues to lead the rankings for the 16th consecutive year, followed by Finland, Norway, the United Kingdom, and New Zealand. The global gender gap has seen a modest improvement, rising from 68.4% in 2024 to 68.8% in 2025. However, at the current pace, it will take approximately 123 years to achieve full parity worldwide.
• Key Provisions:-
  • The Global Gender Gap Index evaluates countries based on four dimensions: economic participation, education, health, and political empowerment.
  • The Global Gender Gap Index is not a measure of women’s overall well-being but rather a measure of gender-based gaps in access to resources and opportunities. By focusing on relative gaps rather than absolute levels, the index highlights areas where progress has been made and where significant disparities still exist.
  • It serves as a benchmark tool for policymakers, researchers, and advocacy groups to understand gender disparities and develop informed strategies to promote gender equality worldwide.

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• Why in News?
  • The 2025 edition of The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World (SOFI), jointly published by FAO, IFAD, UNICEF, WFP, and WHO, reports a modest decline in global hunger to 8.2% in 2024 from 2022.
• Key Provisions:-
  • Yet hunger remains high in parts of Africa and Western Asia. Since 2021, moderate or severe food insecurity has gradually eased. However, food prices continued to rise in 2023–2024, increasing the cost of a healthy diet. Despite inflation, the number of people unable to afford such diets dropped from 2.76 billion in 2019 to 2.60 billion in 2024. Worryingly, anaemia in women and adult obesity are on the rise. In India, mobile technology has helped Kerala’s fisheries reduce waste and price variation. Key recommendations include time-bound fiscal measures, stronger social protection, and improved market data systems. SOFI monitors progress toward SDG 2, aiming to end hunger and all forms of malnutrition.

Context

The recent announcement by US President Donald Trump to impose a 25% tariff on countries trading with Iran, coupled with the 'sanctions waiver' set to expire on April 26, 2026, has presented a new diplomatic challenge for India. India is currently in intensive discussions with Washington to keep the Chabahar Port excluded from these sanctions.

Chabahar Port

• This port is located in the Sistan-Baluchistan province along the coast of the Gulf of Oman on the south-eastern coast of Iran. It is Iran's only 'deep-sea' port, where large ships can transit easily.

India's Participation

India's connection with this port is long-standing, but significant progress has been made in recent years:

• The Beginning (2003): An initial agreement was reached between India and Iran to develop this port.
• Trilateral Agreement (2016): During Prime Minister Narendra Modi's visit to Iran, a historic agreement was signed between India, Iran, and Afghanistan.
• Commencement of Operations (2018): The Indian company 'India Ports Global Limited' (IPGL) took over the operations of the 'Shaheed Beheshti' terminal at Chabahar.
• 10-Year Historic Agreement (May 2024): India signed a 10-year long-term contract with Iran for the operation of Chabahar. This was a major victory for India because, previously, agreements had to be renewed every year.

Importance of Chabahar Port for India

Chabahar is not just a port, but the focal point of India's 'connectivity' strategy:

• Bypassing Pakistan: India does not have to rely on Pakistan's land route to reach Afghanistan and Central Asia. This provides India with an independent trade route.
• Gateway to the International North-South Transport Corridor: Chabahar Port is a vital part of the International North-South Transport Corridor (INSTC), which can reduce the time and cost of transporting goods to Russia and Europe by 30-40%.
• Influence in Afghanistan: This port is essential for delivering humanitarian aid (such as wheat and medicines) to Taliban-ruled Afghanistan and maintaining diplomatic influence there.
• Encirclement of China: This port is located only 72 km away from the China-operated Gwadar Port in Pakistan. It is India's strategic response to China's increasing presence in the Arabian Sea.

Current Crisis and India's Role

India is playing the role of an "active mediator" and an advocate of "strategic autonomy" in this matter:

• Dialogue and Coordination: Through the Ministry of External Affairs, India is making it clear that Chabahar is being used for humanitarian purposes and regional stability, and not to increase Iran's military power.
• Financial Management: Showing foresight, India has tried to organize its financial commitments for Chabahar (approximately $120 million) ahead of time so that banking sanctions do not affect it.
• Long-term Commitment: In May 2024, India signed a 10-year operation agreement with Iran, which shows that India is not going to back down from this project despite the pressure.

International Perspective

The world views Chabahar and India's stance from different perspectives:

Analysis: Major Challenges

• Dual Effect of Sanctions: If the US does not extend the waiver, Indian shipping companies and logistics firms will be afraid to work with Iran.
• Tariff Pressure: A 25% tariff will make Indian exports (rice, pharma) expensive, which could affect bilateral trade ($1.6 billion).
• Internal Instability in Iran: Ongoing protests and political instability in Iran create risks for future investment.

Conclusion

For India, Chabahar is a 'geopolitical necessity'. Before the 2026 deadline, India needs to convince the US that the development of Chabahar is in the global interest to keep Afghanistan away from terrorism and instability, in order to save its 'Neighborhood First' policy and 'Engagement with Central Asia'. India must balance trade with the US and connectivity with Iran while maintaining its "strategic autonomy."

Context

The beginning of the year 2026 has been marked by massive upheaval in global politics. The 'unilateral decisions' being taken by the U.S. administration (Trump 2.0) without regard for international laws have placed countries like India at a difficult diplomatic crossroads. Various recent developments have raised serious questions about India's current silence.

What is 'On Mute' Policy?

In diplomatic terminology, 'On Mute' refers to a situation where a nation, instead of taking a clear stand on international events affecting its interests, remains silent or gives only a 'procedural' response.

• India is currently adopting a policy of "expressing concern without taking names" or "restricting itself only to the safety of citizens" on important global issues.

Reasons for Discussion:

The following events are prominent behind India's "non-reactive mode" in the last few days:

• Venezuela Crisis: India expressed only "deep concern" over the military action taken by the U.S. to capture Venezuelan President Nicolás Maduro, while it is being considered a violation of international sovereignty.
• 25% Tariff on Iran: The U.S. has announced an additional 25% duty on countries trading with Iran. India has not registered any official protest against this, even though India's large investment in Chabahar Port is at stake.
• Pressure on Russia and Oil: The U.S. has warned India to stop purchasing Russian oil, otherwise threatening to impose tariffs of up to 500% on exports.

Current U.S. Foreign Policy

Under Trump 2.0, U.S. foreign policy has become 'transactional' and 'unilateral':

• Economic Nationalism: Intimidating other countries through tariffs.
• Administrative Dominance: Forcing even friendly nations to align with its geopolitical priorities (such as isolating Iran/Russia).
• Pax Silica: The U.S. is creating a new system like 'Pax Silica' in the fields of technology and semiconductors, in which it seeks policy concessions from countries like India in exchange for inclusion.

India's Policy and Changes:

The changes in India's policy over the last few years can be understood through these points:

• Past: In 2019 as well, India stopped buying oil from Iran and Venezuela under U.S. pressure. The agreements made then did not yield any long-term benefits for India; rather, energy security was affected.
• Current Change: India is now moving towards tactical accommodation instead of strategic autonomy.
• Reason: Due to the border dispute with China and the proposed 'Bilateral Trade Agreement' with the U.S., India currently does not want to risk displeasing the United States.

Why is India Silent?

There are solid diplomatic reasons behind this silence of India:

• National Security: U.S. intelligence and military cooperation against China is indispensable for India.
• Economic Interests: The U.S. is India's largest trading partner. India wants to protect its exports by avoiding a 'tariff war'.
• Chabahar Concession: India is discussing the extension of 'sanctions waivers' for the Chabahar port with the U.S.

Analysis

Silence does not always provide security. If India is a supporter of a rule-based global order, it must speak out against the violation of international law.

• Loss of Prestige: India's image as a leader of the Global South (developing countries) may be affected.
• Challenge of BRICS: In 2026, India has to host the BRICS summit, where countries like Iran and Russia will be present. There, India's 'mute mode' could create an awkward situation for it.

Way Forward

• Multi-Alignment: Instead of leaning towards any one power, India should further strengthen its policy of 'multi-alignment'.
• Clear Dialogue: The necessity of its relations with Russia and Iran must be presented with more clarity before the U.S.
• Economic Self-reliance: To reduce dependence on the dollar, trade in local currencies (such as Rupee-Ruble trade) should be increased rapidly.

Conclusion

"Silence" in diplomacy can sometimes be strategic, but it should not become "lack of principle" in the long run. India must understand that appeasement of a superpower is not a guarantee of the protection of national interests. India's real strength lies in its independent thinking and strategic autonomy.

Context:

The Israel-Hamas conflict, which began in October 2023, has reached an extremely complex turning point by January 2026. Although an unstable ceasefire became effective three months ago, the humanitarian crisis and sporadic violence in Gaza still continue. Gaza's infrastructure has been completely destroyed, and nearly 2 million people are homeless. Amidst this chaos, US President Donald Trump has announced the 'second phase' of his 20-point peace plan, which aims to hand over the administration of Gaza to an apolitical 'technocratic committee' (NCAG) and undertake its complete reconstruction.

'Board of Peace' and Primary Reasons for Discussion:

On January 18, 2026, Trump invited approximately 60 countries, including India, to join this 'Board of Peace' (BoP). This body will oversee the governance and reconstruction of Gaza. It is currently at the center of global discussion because:

• Parallel International Order: Critics are calling it 'Trump's own United Nations.' This board claims to intervene directly in global conflicts by bypassing the United Nations Security Council (UNSC).
• Lifelong Leadership: According to the proposed charter of the 'Board of Peace', Donald Trump will be its inaugural chairman. Most importantly, this role is not linked to his presidency; meaning he can remain its chairman even after leaving the office of the President.
• Financial Constraints: Reportedly, an 'entrance fee' of $1 billion has been sought for permanent membership, making it an exclusive club of wealthy nations.

Another Step Towards American Hegemony:

This policy of Trump appears to be moving beyond 'America First' towards 'America Alone' and 'Trump Alone.'

• Institutional Fragmentation: Efforts to bypass the WHO, UNESCO, and now the UN show that the US is now prioritizing 'transactional' (exchange-based) forums under its control instead of multilateral institutions.
• Military and Economic Pressure: While on one hand there is a proposal for 'peace,' on the other hand, threats of tariffs against Europe over the Greenland issue and military intervention in Venezuela prove America's aggressive 'hegemonic' attitude.

India's Position: A Tricky Diplomatic Dilemma:

For India, Trump's invitation has brought both 'honor' and 'crisis':

• Invitation vs. Aggression: Recently, Trump threatened India with an additional 25% tariff for continuing trade with Russia and Iran. On one side is the fear of economic penalty and on the other is the invitation to share a stake in the global peace board; this is testing India's 'Strategic Autonomy.'
• Impact on Palestine Policy: India has traditionally been a supporter of the 'Two-State Solution.' Joining this board could be seen as supporting an American agenda that limits Palestinian sovereignty.
• Leadership of the Global South: India considers itself the voice of developing nations. In such a situation, becoming part of a US-dominated body that weakens the United Nations could affect India's image.

Dimensions:

• Judicial vs. Political Diplomacy: Can international disputes be resolved by a 'Board' instead of the United Nations Charter? This is a strike at the very foundation of international law.
• Realism: Trump's policy is purely realistic, where peace is being viewed as a 'deal.' India will have to decide whether this 'deal' is compatible with its long-term national interests.

Way Forward:

• Calibrated Engagement: India should consider joining this board as an 'observer' rather than as an immediate permanent member, so that it can keep an eye on the process without compromising its policies.
• Protection of Multilateralism: India should use forums like BRICS and G-20 to emphasize reforms in the United Nations, rather than becoming part of efforts that completely bypass it.
• Balance: Maintaining a balance between security relations with the US and energy interests with Russia-Iran should be India's priority.

Conclusion:

The 'Board of Peace' is a new and controversial experiment in global diplomacy. It is an attempt to institutionalize American influence in the name of peace-building. Instead of rushing to join this 'Peace Board,' India must conduct a subtle analysis of its historical foreign policy principles and emerging global equations. Ultimately, peace is only sustainable when it is just and inclusive, not merely based on a display of power.

Context

In recent weeks, unprecedented instability has been observed in global politics, beginning with the U.S. military intervention in Venezuela and the dramatic arrest of President Nicolás Maduro. Immediately following this event, the Trump administration, expanding its 'America First' agenda and demonstrating economic aggression against eight major European countries including Denmark, announced the imposition of a 10% tariff on all imported goods starting February 1, 2026, which could be increased to 25% by June. The primary objective of this pressure is to establish American control over Greenland, an autonomous territory under Denmark. This move is not only giving rise to a trade war but is also shaking the foundation of the Western alliance formed after World War II.

Strategic Importance of Greenland

Greenland is not merely an ice-covered island; there are deep strategic interests hidden behind it:

• Resource Abundance: There are vast reserves of rare earth elements and minerals here, which are essential for modern technology.
• Arctic Control: Due to climate change, Arctic ice is melting, opening new trade routes. Control over Greenland provides the U.S. an edge in this region against Russia and China.
• Military Location: The U.S. 'Thule Air Base' is located here, which is critical for the North American defense system.

Key Issues and Violations

Several legal and ethical questions arise from this 'bullying tactics' of the Trump administration:

• Violation of International Law: The attempt to seize the territory of a sovereign nation (Denmark) through economic pressure is against the UN Charter and the principles of international sovereignty.
• Centralization of Power: The unilateral use of the 'International Emergency Economic Powers Act' by the U.S. President is being done without legislative (Congressional) support, which weakens democratic institutions.
• Neo-imperialism: The recent developments with the President of Venezuela and now the pressure on Europe reflect the resurgence of America's 'interventionist' foreign policy.

Europe's Response and 'Anti-Coercion Instrument'

The European Union (EU) has not just offered verbal opposition this time but has prepared for concrete retaliatory action:

• Counter-Tariffs: The EU can strike back by imposing taxes on U.S. tech giants (Google, Apple, Meta, etc.).
• Defense of Autonomy: Countries like France and Germany believe that dependence on the U.S. for security should be reduced and 'European Strategic Autonomy' should be enhanced.

Impact on Global Security and NATO

• Rift in NATO: If the trade war between the U.S. and Europe escalates, the unity of NATO will be fragmented.
• Russia-Ukraine Conflict: Russia will directly benefit from internal strife within NATO. The weakening of assistance to Ukraine and military strength on the eastern front could disturb the global security balance.

Potential Impact on India

For India, this situation is like a 'double-edged sword':

• Trade Challenges: If the U.S. increases tariffs on all countries, Indian exports could also be affected.
• Strategic Opportunity: A rift in the Western bloc will provide India an opportunity to strengthen its 'multi-alignment' policy and accelerate the pace of Free Trade Agreements (FTA) with Europe.
• Arctic Council: India is an observer member of the Arctic Council; increasing tension here could affect India’s scientific research interests.

Analysis

This incident signals the decline of the 'Democratic Peace Theory' and the 'Liberal International Order.' The 'America First' policy now seems to be turning into 'America Alone,' which is a major threat to multilateralism.

Conclusion

The current policies of Washington reflect a lack of enlightened leadership. Using economic weapons to seize Greenland will not only push trans-Atlantic relations back by decades but will also start a new era of instability in the global economy. The need of the hour is cooperation and diplomacy, not economic bullying.

General Studies Paper – II: Governance, Constitution, Polity, Social Justice, and International Relations

Introduction: Shift in Diplomatic Paradigms

The year 2026 is a milestone year for Indian diplomacy. Inviting the institutional leadership of the European Union (EU) as the Chief Guest at 'Kartavya Path' on January 26 is a proclamation that India is now ready to break traditional bilateral boundaries and fill 'Diplomatic White Spaces' (diplomatic voids). This is a strategy where India is strengthening its position in a divided world through 'Multi-alignment'.

From Cooperation to Hegemony: Changing Global Landscape

The 'rules-based order' established after World War II is now on the verge of collapse. Global politics has shifted away from 'cooperation' and turned back toward 'hegemony' and 'protectionism'.

• USA's Tariff Diplomacy: America is now using economic power as a weapon. Threats of 'tariffs' on countries seeking alternatives to the dollar and harsh sanctions on nations like Venezuela and Iran have disrupted the global supply chain.
• China's Expansionism: China's 'Wolf Warrior' diplomacy and debt-trap diplomacy through the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) have created a threat to the sovereignty of small nations.

Crisis of Multilateral Platforms

Huge platforms like the United Nations (UN) and the World Trade Organization (WTO) currently seem to be losing their relevance:

• The failure of the UN Security Council in the Ukraine and Gaza crises has proved that these platforms are hostages to the 'veto' politics of superpowers.
• When large platforms fail, the potential for India's success lies in 'Small Tables'.

'Diplomatic White Spaces' and the Strategy of Small Tables

'White Spaces' are those areas where no rules are clear (e.g., AI ethics, data sovereignty, space diplomacy). India is using 'Small Tables' to fill these voids:

• I2U2, Quad, and India-European Union: These platforms provide India with autonomy and speed in decision-making.
• Chabahar and IMEC: Through the Chabahar port in Iran and the 'India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor' (IMEC), India is carving its own independent trade route amidst the US-China rivalry, even if it has to face the challenges of American sanctions (CAATSA).

Balancing Equation with China and Russia

India's foreign policy is not a 'zero-sum game':

• RIC (Russia-India-China) vs Quad: India maintains its 'special and privileged' partnership with Russia on one hand, while on the other, it is active in the 'Quad' with America to counterbalance China in the Indian Ocean.
• Arctic and Greenland: Amidst the focus of the US and China on the resources of Greenland, India is ensuring its future energy security through its 'Arctic Policy'.

India Amidst Hegemony: 'Vishwa Mitra' and 'Bridging Power'

India is presenting itself as a 'Solution Provider':

• Balancing in BRICS: Russia and China want to make BRICS 'anti-West', but India is keeping it 'non-West' while making it the voice of the Global South.
• Economic Sovereignty: To avoid American tariffs and the dominance of the dollar, India is promoting its digital currency and 'Local Currency Trade' (LCT).

Way Forward

The coming time will be a rigorous test of 'strategic autonomy' for India:

• Institutional Capacity: For effective leadership on small tables, India must increase the number of its diplomatic corps and technical experts.
• Economic Self-reliance: In this era of tariff wars, 'Atmanirbhar Bharat' is not just a slogan but a shield of security.
• Outcome-based Diplomacy: India must not remain limited to discussions but must derive concrete results from projects like Chabahar and the AI Impact Summit.

Conclusion

The India of 2026 has abandoned the old patterns of diplomacy. For a world caught in the grind of hegemony, India has emerged as a 'Bridging Power'. The welcome of the European Union at 'Kartavya Path' is a symbol that India is no longer just a participant at the global table, but is moving toward becoming a maker of those rules that will build a just and multi-polar world order.

General Studies Paper – II: Governance, Constitution, Polity, Social Justice, and International Relations

Introduction

The visit of the President of the United Arab Emirates, Sheikh Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan, to New Delhi in January 2026 has provided a new momentum to India's 'West Asia Policy'. On one hand, where the impact of 'protectionism' and 'tariff wars' is increasing in global trade relations, on the other hand, India and the UAE have set an ambitious target to double their bilateral trade to $200 billion by the year 2032.

Energy Security: LNG Agreement and ADNOC-HPCL Partnership

The most significant outcome of this visit is the $3 billion 'Liquefied Natural Gas' (LNG) supply agreement:

• Long-term Stability: A 10-year agreement has been signed between Abu Dhabi's state oil company (ADNOC) and India's Hindustan Petroleum Corporation (HPCL), which will be effective from 2028.
• India's Dominance: With this deal, India will become the largest global customer of UAE's LNG, accounting for 20% of the UAE's total LNG sales by 2029.
• Strategic Importance: This agreement is in line with the goal of diversifying India's energy basket and transitioning from fossil fuels to clean energy.

Trade Diversification: USA vs. Alternative Routes

This shift in India's diplomacy is part of a well-thought-out strategy:

• Impact of US Tariffs: Punitive tariffs imposed by the US on Indian exports and the uncertainty of a comprehensive trade deal have prompted India to explore alternative markets.
• Multi-dimensional Partnership: India has attempted to secure its global supply chain through trade agreements (FTAs/CEPA) not only with the UAE but also with the UK, Oman, and New Zealand.

Geopolitical Analysis

This agreement is not limited to economic benefits for India alone; it has several strategic dimensions:

• Strategic Autonomy: Amidst increasing tension between superpowers (US-China), India is strengthening its diplomatic autonomy by establishing direct and robust relations with Middle-Eastern powers.
• Minilateral Diplomacy: Strong India-UAE ties are fundamental pillars for the success of groups like I2U2 (India, Israel, USA, UAE) and the India-Middle East-Europe Corridor (IMEC).
• Diaspora Interests and Remittances: This stability is essential for the economic interests of the 3.5 million Indians living in the UAE and for India's foreign exchange receipts.

Challenges and Limitations

• Regional Instability: Issues such as the Yemen crisis and tension in the Red Sea remain challenges for the security of trade routes.
• Competition: Other Gulf countries (such as Saudi Arabia) are also striving for large investments in the energy sector with India, requiring India to maintain a complex balance.

Conclusion

'Regular high-level dialogue' between India and the UAE has now become a 'new normal'. This indicates that India's foreign policy is no longer just 'reactive' but 'proactive' and 'outcome-oriented'. To achieve the $200 billion trade target, both countries will have to further deepen cooperation in sectors such as non-oil trade, digital payments, and defense manufacturing.

General Studies Paper – II: Governance, Constitution, Polity, Social Justice, and International Relations

Context

Historically, the global trade has been dominated by the 'Bretton Woods' system and the US dollar since World War II. However, in recent years, the need for 'De-dollarization' has been felt in developing countries due to geopolitical instability, the use of sanctions as a weapon (such as the removal of Russia from ‘SWIFT’ after the Russia-Ukraine war), and the monetary policies of the US Federal Reserve. Against this backdrop, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has proposed connecting the digital currencies (CBDCs) among BRICS nations, which is not only a technological advancement but also a strategic move.

What is BRICS?

BRICS is a group of the world's leading emerging economies.

• Establishment: 2009 (South Africa joined in 2010).
• Core Members: Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa.
• Expansion (BRICS+): Recently, countries like the United Arab Emirates (UAE), Iran, Egypt, and Ethiopia have been included, while countries like Indonesia are also close to it.
• Significance: It represents approximately 45% of the global population and more than 28% of the global Gross Domestic Product (GDP).

Why in Discussion?

• According to recent reports, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has recommended to the Government of India that a proposal to interlink the 'Central Bank Digital Currencies' (CBDCs) of member countries be included in the agenda for the 2026 BRICS Summit.
• This is the first time India has officially suggested such a multilateral digital payment mechanism, aimed at facilitating cross-border trade and tourism.

Why is it Needed?

• Reduction in Transaction Costs: Currently, cross-border payments involve many intermediary banks, increasing both cost and time. CBDC will make it direct and cheaper.
• Reducing Reliance on the Dollar: Fluctuations in the dollar's exchange rate destabilize the economies of developing countries. Local currency linkage will provide protection against this.
• Financial Sovereignty: Developing an independent payment mechanism without the fear of sanctions.
• Boosting Tourism: Eliminating the complexity of currency exchange for tourists.

Impact

• Economic Impact: If successful, it will create a "parallel global payment system." Trade settlements can take place in real-time.
• Strategic Impact: India's 'Digital Rupee' will gain global acceptance, strengthening India's 'Soft Power' and financial diplomacy.
• Market Dynamics: It can reduce the risks of stablecoins and unregulated cryptocurrencies, as it will be backed by central banks.

Key Challenges and the Stance of America

• American Response: The US views this as a threat to its economic hegemony. President Donald Trump has termed it "anti-American" and warned of imposing heavy tariffs on countries that attempt to abandon the dollar.
• Technical Barriers: The technology of CBDC platforms in different countries is different. Bringing them onto a shared network is difficult.
• Lack of Trust: Trade imbalance between China and India or Russia and India is a major hurdle. The example of Indian Rupee balances accumulated by Russia shows that managing currency surplus is complex.

BRICS 2026

• India is going to host the 2026 BRICS Summit. This summit will be held at the end of this year.
• This is a major opportunity for India to emerge as a leader of the Global South and present its successful model of Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI) to the world.

BRICS Currency and Pilot Project

Currently, no shared "BRICS Currency" exists, but all five core members are running pilot projects of their respective CBDCs.

• India's e-Rupee, China's e-CNY, and Russia's Digital Ruble are in advanced stages of testing.
• The discussion now is not about creating a new currency, but about connecting these existing digital currencies through a 'bridge.'

Global Analysis

• Globally, initiatives like 'Project mBridge' are already underway between China, UAE, and Thailand.
• Europe and America are also working on their own digital currencies.
• This step by BRICS is an effort toward the "democratization" of global finance, which could challenge the Western-dominated SWIFT system.

Analysis

This proposal is an indicator of India's balanced foreign policy. On one hand, India is with the US through 'QUAD,' while on the other hand, through BRICS, it is posing a rational challenge to the dominance of the dollar. However, India has clarified that its objective is not 'De-dollarization,' but the 'Internationalization of the Rupee.'

Way Forward

• Technical Standards: Member countries will have to agree on a common 'protocol' and data security standards.
• Bilateral Swap Arrangements: To address trade imbalances, 'Currency Swap' agreements between central banks must be strengthened.
• Gradual Implementation: It should start with tourism and small trade, gradually moving toward large-scale trade settlements.

Conclusion

The Reserve Bank of India’s proposal for CBDC linkage could prove to be a revolutionary step in the global financial structure. It will not only make trade easier but also provide a safety shield against future economic shocks. The 2026 India Summit will prove decisive in this direction, provided the member countries set aside political differences and prioritize technical and economic cooperation.

General Studies Paper – II: Governance, Constitution, Polity, Social Justice, and International Relations

Introduction

Yemen, which was historically called the 'Happy Land of Arabia' (Arabia Felix), has today turned into the most tragic chapter of global politics. The decade-long civil war has not only devastated Yemen but has also surfaced the strategic differences between the two major powers of the Persian Gulf—Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates (UAE). The military and diplomatic developments in early 2026 have given this crisis a new and more complex turn.

Epicenter of Events: Military Conflict in South Yemen

In late December 2025, a new internal front opened in Yemen when the UAE-backed Southern Transitional Council (STC) rebelled against the internationally recognized government:

• Control over Strategic Areas: The STC took control of the oil and resource-rich provinces of 'Hadhramaut' and 'Al-Mahrah'.
• Saudi Military Intervention: Riyadh viewed this as an attack on Yemen's integrity. Following Saudi Air Force intervention and diplomatic pressure, government forces re-entered Aden by January 7, 2026, and controlled the rebellion.

Saudi Arabia vs UAE: Diplomatic Stalemate

The allies from the early stages of the Yemen war now stand at opposite poles:

• Contradictory Strategic Goals: Saudi Arabia favors a unified Yemen so that its southern border remains secure from Iran-backed Houthi rebels. In contrast, the UAE's inclination has been toward the separatists of South Yemen to secure its influence over the Bab-al-Mandeb strait and major maritime routes.
• Arms Dispute: Saudi Arabia's targeting of arms shipments at Mukalla port and accusing the UAE of supplying weapons to rebels reflects a "Trust Deficit" between the two countries.

Riyadh Declaration and the Future of STC

A significant change occurred following high-level talks held in Riyadh in the first week of January 2026:

• Dissolution and Flight: Under Saudi pressure, the STC announced its dissolution, and the flight of its prominent leader Aidarus al-Zoubaidi to Abu Dhabi has weakened this rebellion. However, resentment among local groups still persists.

Yemen Crisis and India: Strategic and Economic Interests

The stability of Yemen directly affects India's national interests:

• Energy Security: Most of India's crude oil and LNG imports pass through the maritime routes of this region. Insecurity in the Red Sea means an increase in freight costs and an energy crisis.
• Security of Diaspora: Nearly 90 lakh (9 million) Indians are working in neighboring countries like Saudi Arabia and the UAE. Rising tension in this region is sensitive for India in terms of remittances and the security of the diaspora.
• Terrorism and Piracy: Yemen's instability provides an opportunity for Al-Qaeda (AQAP) and other militant groups to flourish, posing a threat to India's security in the Indian Ocean Region (IOR).

India's Diplomatic Position

India has always adopted a balanced and "Principled" stand:

• India fully supports the regional integrity and sovereignty of Yemen.
• India has a 'Strategic Partnership' with both Saudi Arabia and the UAE; therefore, India prioritizes regional stability rather than taking any one side.
• India believes that the solution is only possible through a 'Yemen-led' and 'inclusive political process'.

Humanitarian Crisis: A Grim Reality

Amidst the political chess, the people of Yemen are the biggest victims:

• Humanitarian Statistics: 80% of the country's population (approximately 2.4 crore people) depends on humanitarian aid.
• Economic Collapse: Infrastructure has collapsed and severe inflation has put food out of reach for the common people.

Analysis: Challenges and Opportunities for India

This crisis is a test of India's 'West Asia Policy'. India is working on ambitious projects like the India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC), for whose successful implementation peace in this region is essential. The Saudi-UAE rivalry can make maintaining a diplomatic balance difficult for India.

Way Forward

• Maritime Security: India should increase multilateral cooperation to ensure safe movement in the Red Sea through 'Naval Diplomacy'.
• Humanitarian Leadership: India, as a leader of the 'Global South', should send large-scale medical and food aid to Yemen.
• Role of BRICS: Since Saudi Arabia and the UAE are now members of BRICS, India should use this platform during its 2026 hosting to try and reduce differences between the two countries.

Conclusion

The Yemen crisis is no longer just an internal conflict, but has become a laboratory for geopolitical supremacy in West Asia. For India, peace in this region means secure citizens and a stable economy. While hosting BRICS in 2026, India must use its diplomatic capability to prevent Yemen from becoming a "Failed State" and act as a bridge between regional powers.

News

After two decades of long negotiations, this treaty has become international law on January 17, 2026. Following the ratification by 60 countries in September 2025, a 120-day countdown began, which has now been completed.

What is the 'High Seas'?

• Definition: The vast marine area beyond 200 nautical miles (EEZ) from the coast of any country is called the 'High Seas'.
• Extent: This comprises nearly two-thirds (2/3) of the world's total oceans.
• Significance: Until now, this area was like a "no-man's land," where there were very few rules. Any country could engage in fishing or mining here.

Main Objectives and Provisions of the Treaty

There are four main pillars of this treaty:

• Marine Protected Areas (MPAs): The goal is to protect 30% of the world's oceans by 2030. Under this, areas will be created in the high seas where fishing or mining will be prohibited.
• Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA): It will now be mandatory to evaluate the potential environmental damage before starting any commercial activity (such as deep-sea mining).
• Marine Genetic Resources (MGRs): Profits derived from medicines or cosmetics created from the DNA of organisms found in the depths of the sea will be shared equally between rich and poor countries.
• Capacity Building and Technology: Developed countries will assist developing countries with marine technology and research.

Why was it needed?

• Overfishing: Marine species were being depleted due to a lack of regulations.
• Pollution: The increasing pile of plastics and chemicals.
• Climate Change: Rising ocean temperatures and acidification.

Challenges and India's Position

• Challenges: Implementing the treaty is difficult because the ocean is vast and there is a lack of a strong international agency for its monitoring.
• India: India has signed this treaty, which reflects its commitment toward marine resources. However, the cooperation of all major countries (such as the USA, China) will be mandatory for full implementation.

Conclusion:

This treaty is like a "Constitution" for the oceans. It ensures that the sea does not remain merely a means of exploitation but remains safe for future generations as well.