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General Studies Paper – III: Technology, Economic Development, Biodiversity, Environment, Security, and Disaster Management
Context
The Union Budget 2026-27 has proposed the development of ‘Turtle Trails’ in the coastal areas of Odisha, Karnataka, and Kerala. While the government views this as a new gateway for ecotourism, scientists consider it a threat to the sensitive nesting sites of turtles.
Turtle Trails and Olive Ridley Turtles:
- This is a tourism path to be developed in coastal areas to showcase the nesting process of turtles to tourists.
- The initiative primarily focuses on Olive Ridley turtles, which are world-famous for their mass nesting process known as 'Arribada'.
- These sea turtles are a 'Keystone Species' of the marine ecosystem; they play a vital role in keeping seagrass meadows healthy and balancing the food chain.
- Olive Ridley turtles are listed under Schedule-I of the Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972, which provides them the highest level of protection, equivalent to that of tigers.
- They are categorized as 'Vulnerable' in the IUCN Red List. Coastal pollution, fishing nets (trawlers), and poaching remain constant threats to their lives.
Reasons for Discussion: Current News
In February 2026, this subject is in the headlines due to two major events:
- Skepticism over Budget Proposal: Conservationists have warned that light pollution and human intervention caused by 'Turtle Trails' will distract the turtles, potentially disrupting the 'Arribada' process.
- Tamil Nadu’s Initiative: Meanwhile, the foundation stone for Tamil Nadu’s first 'Sea Turtle Conservation Centre' was laid in Guindy, Chennai, at a cost of ₹14.50 crore. This is part of the World Bank-supported 'TN-SHORE' (Tamil Nadu Coastal Restoration Mission) project.
Importance of the Project
- Awareness: Sensitivity toward marine life can be increased among the general public through ecotourism.
- Economic Benefits: New employment opportunities can be created for coastal communities.
- Research: It will be easier to collect scientific data on the migratory paths and behavior of turtles through 'Turtle Trails' and conservation centers.
Steps Taken Previously:
- Operation Olivia: An operation conducted every year by the Indian Coast Guard for the protection of turtles on the Odisha coast.
- Use of TED: Mandatory use of 'Turtle Excluder Devices' (TED) in fishing nets.
Analysis:
Experts argue that turtles are extremely sensitive to light. If tourism structures like 'Turtle Trails' are built without scientific consultation, they will cause destruction rather than conservation. Just as the Renke and Idate Commissions emphasized the importance of data for other communities, turtles also require 'interference-free' data and habitats.
Way Forward
- No-Go Zone: These sites should be kept completely closed to tourists during the period of mass nesting (Arribada).
- Use of Technology: Instead of direct visits, arrangements should be made for tourists to observe turtles through digital mediums or observatory centers.
- Enforcement Mechanism: A large portion of the income generated from ecotourism should be invested in strengthening coastal patrolling and conservation task forces.
Conclusion
The idea of 'Turtle Trails' will be considered successful only if it maintains a balance between ecology and the economy. The conservation of Olive Ridley turtles is not just an administrative responsibility but a part of our global environmental commitment. The success of democracy lies in not forgetting the right to 'peaceful co-existence' of those species that cannot raise their own voices in the race for development.