CURRENT-AFFAIRS

Context

When global leaders gathered in the snowy atmosphere of Davos, the biggest concern was the growing "Greenland War" between America and Europe. In his address, US President Donald Trump gave the world a great sigh of relief by backing away from the possibility of using 'military force' to acquire Greenland. However, this 'retreat' appears to be a calculated strategic move rather than a spirit of peace.

Greenland and the Threat of Tariff War

• In recent weeks, tension reached its peak when the Trump administration announced that if Denmark and the European Union did not agree to hand over (or sell) Greenland to the US, punitive tariffs (import duties) of 10% from February 1 and up to 25% from June 1 would be imposed on European goods.
• Trump argues that in the name of 'security', full US control over this massive Arctic island is essential.

European Solidarity: An 'Anti-Coercion Instrument'

• For the first time in history, the European Union (EU) adopted a counter-attack strategy instead of bowing to America's economic pressure.
• Europe activated an "Anti-Coercion Instrument," under which a blueprint for 'retaliatory tariffs' targeting the European businesses of major US tech companies (Google, Apple, Meta) was prepared.
• Experts believe that it was this unprecedented solidarity of the European Union that forced Trump to change his military stance.

'Golden Dome' and the New Arctic Equation Trump has indicated that his sights are still set on Greenland, but now the medium will be a 'trade agreement'. He has linked this to his $175 billion "Golden Dome" missile defense plan.

• Strategic Objective: To make Greenland a base for the deployment of American weapons in space and the Arctic.
• Infinite Timeline: By talking about having "infinite" time for this agreement, Trump has signaled that he will maintain pressure on this issue for a long time.

The 'Weaponization' of Economic Integration Canadian Prime Minister Mark Carney expressed deep concern over this development, calling it an "institutional disease." He warned that superpowers are now:

• Using trade tariffs as 'tools of coercion'.
• Exploiting supply chains by turning them into the 'weakness' of other countries.
• Prioritizing 'brute force' over international rules.

Warning for Middle Powers (India, Canada)

• The "middle powers" of the world often resort to 'flattery' or 'adjustment' with superpowers to avoid crisis.
• But Mark Carney clearly states that "safety will not be achieved through compliance." If the rules-based order breaks today, every country, big or small, will have to bear the brunt tomorrow.

India's Position: Vigilance is Security Relations between India and the US have not been very stable for some time; Trump’s style of functioning proves that he can set aside the 'rule of law' at any time for his interests. India must consider:

• Will America's promises on the global stage prove true at home (domestic policies)?
• Could India also face similar 'economic weaponization'?

Conclusion

Trump's speech at Davos 2026 is tension-reducing, but it does not promise any long-term peace. Trump's ambitions regarding Greenland have now shifted from military force to the form of 'missile defense' and 'economic pressure'. Europe's counter-action has proved that superpowers can be stopped through solidarity, but the foundation of a rules-based world order is still shaking.

Introduction:

The World Economic Forum (WEF) summit held in Davos, Switzerland, in January 2026 has brought global politics to a new turning point. The "Board of Peace" (BoP) announced by US President Donald Trump has not only created diplomatic stir but has also raised a complex question of 'principles vs. pragmatism' for global powers like India. By distancing itself from the Board's charter declaration program for now, India has demonstrated its caution.

What is the Board of Peace?

It is an international body proposed by the Trump administration whose primary objective is the reconstruction of Gaza and the resolution of global conflicts.

• Chairmanship: Donald Trump himself is its founding chairman and holds 'veto' power.
• Executive Board: It includes names like Jared Kushner, Marco Rubio, and former British PM Tony Blair.
• Objective: To build 'New Gaza', where luxury hotels, skyscrapers, and trade corridors will be constructed on devastated land.

Why is it in the news?

• On January 22, 2026, Trump signed the charter of this board in Davos.
• The biggest reasons for the news are the $1 billion 'permanent membership fee' and the attempt to establish a new structure parallel to the United Nations (UN).

Acceptance and Rejection of the Proposal

• Major countries that accepted: Argentina, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Belarus, Egypt, Hungary, Indonesia, Israel, Kosovo, Kazakhstan, Jordan, Morocco, Pakistan, Paraguay, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, United Arab Emirates, Uzbekistan, Vietnam, Canada (this country has agreed to join "in principle").
• Rejected/Neutral: Norway, Sweden, Denmark, and Italy have refused to join; France, Britain, Canada, and China have currently distanced themselves or expressed strong objections.

Points of Attraction for India

Why might India consider joining this board? There are some solid reasons:

• Palestinian Interests: India has historically been a supporter of Palestine. This board could provide an opportunity for direct help to the affected population and reconstruction of infrastructure.
• Regional Power Balance: Regional giants like UAE, Saudi Arabia, and Turkey have decided to join. It could be diplomatically important for India to keep pace with these powers.
• Bilateral Relations Pressure: India's trade relations with the US are currently going through a delicate phase. Directly rejecting Trump’s invitation could invite his 'aggressive diplomatic wrath'.

Board Structure: A Serious Warning

There are several 'red-flags' or signs of danger clear for India before joining this board:

• Unilateral Control: In the board's structure, Trump has appointed himself as chairman, and the executive board includes his family and friends. It appears less like an international body and more like a 'private club'.
• Attempt to Replace the UN: According to the charter, this board will be expanded to other global conflicts, which seems like an attempt to reduce the importance of the United Nations and make it irrelevant.
• Lack of Representation: Israeli leadership has been given a place in the board, but the Palestinian leadership has been completely ignored. This is insulting to countries that recognize Palestinian sovereignty.

Specific Risks for India

• From India's perspective, the biggest threat is Pakistan's active participation in this board.
• If Trump attempts to 'solve' bilateral issues like the Kashmir dispute through this board, it will become difficult for India to protect its 'strategic autonomy'.
• Additionally, the heavy fee of one billion dollars for 'permanent membership' sets an unethical example in international diplomacy.

Military and Diplomatic Compulsion

• If India becomes a member of this board, it could be compelled to send its soldiers to the 'International Stability Force' (ISF).
• This is a non-UN initiative, which goes against India’s tradition where Indian soldiers go abroad only under United Nations peacekeeping missions.
• In the absence of transparency, member countries will merely become 'rubber-stamps' to endorse Trump’s arbitrary decisions.

International Analysis

• Proponent of Peace or Obsession with Hegemony? Is this for peace or the pain of not getting the Nobel Peace Prize? Analysis suggests that the 'Board of Peace' charter is focused more on Trump’s personal power than on Gaza. It grants Trump the right to remain chairman indefinitely and overturn any decision, making it look like a 'royal court' rather than a democratic institution.
• Europe's Position: Europe currently appears surrounded by 'clouds of compulsion'. On one hand, it needs the US for its security; on the other hand, Trump’s 'America First' policy and his claims on Greenland have made European countries (especially Denmark and France) uncomfortable. Europe is trying to save its independent identity by not accepting this proposal.
• Questions on Relevance: Venezuela, Greenland, and Gaza After Trump's insistence on controlling Venezuela’s resources and buying or controlling Greenland, questions are being raised about the morality of the 'Board of Peace'. During the Gaza war, when thousands were being killed and the whole world (through the UN) was trying to make laws to stop the fighting immediately, the US used its special power (Veto) to prevent those laws from passing. In such a situation, talking about peace now seems like a diplomatic contradiction.

The Way Forward:

• New Delhi should avoid this temptation and continue its independent consultations.
• India should consult with the Palestinian leadership and its other international partners to choose a path that is just.
• Peace does not mean only the construction of skyscrapers; it must be rested on the foundation of self-respect and justice.
• Ultimately, instead of bowing to any trade agreement or US pressure, India should listen to its conscience and ensure that it does not become part of any structure that destroys the core principles of the international justice system.

Conclusion:

Trump’s 'Board of Peace' is a controversial confluence of 'peace' and 'business' in international politics. While it gives an opportunity for Gaza's economic rejuvenation, it marginalizes the dignity of the United Nations and the global justice system. India distancing itself from this board reflects its 'strategic autonomy' and commitment to principles. India believes that lasting peace is possible not just through investment or skyscrapers, but through inclusive justice and human sensitivities. New Delhi should maintain its independent identity on global platforms and support only those efforts based on the spirit of 'Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam', not on the hegemony of any specific nation.

General Studies Paper – II: Governance, Constitution, Polity, Social Justice and International Relations

Context

India's relationship with BRICS has been an evolutionary journey. From the first summit in Yekaterinburg, Russia, in 2009 to today in 2026, India has played a central role in transforming this platform from a mere 'talk shop' into an 'action-oriented' group.

• Past (2012, 2016, 2021): India has hosted BRICS three times before. In 2012 (New Delhi), the focus was on the global economy; in 2016 (Goa), counter-terrorism cooperation was prominent; and in 2021 (digital medium), emphasis was placed on continuity and consensus under 'BRICS @ 15'.
• Present (2026): After the successful G-20 Summit in 2023, India is now establishing BRICS on the global stage as the voice of the 'Global South'. Upon assuming the presidency on January 1, 2026, India made it clear that its focus would be on "Resilience".

What is BRICS?

BRICS is a significant multilateral organization of the world's major emerging economies.

• Core Structure: In 2001, Jim O'Neill coined the term 'BRIC' based on economic potential. Its foundation was formally laid in 2006. Following this, the first BRIC Summit was organized in June 2009 in Yekaterinburg (Russia).
• Membership Expansion: Original Members: Brazil, Russia, India, China.
  • 2010: South Africa joined (BRICS).
  • 2024 (BRICS+): Iran, UAE, Egypt, and Ethiopia became full members. (Note: Argentina decided not to join at the last moment).
  • 2025: Indonesia officially joined as the 10th member.
  • 2026 Status: It is now an 11-member group (Saudi Arabia's membership process is ongoing).
• Economic Power: This group represents approximately 35% of the global GDP (on a PPP basis) and 45% of the world's population.

Why is it in the News?

• India launched the official logo, website, and theme of BRICS 2026 on January 13, 2026.
• This summit is also significant because, amidst the return of the Trump administration in the US and its 'trade tariff' policies, BRICS countries are discussing 'local currency trade' (de-dollarization) and digital infrastructure to ensure their economic security.

BRICS 2026: India’s Presidency and Theme

The mantra of India's presidency is: "Resilience, Innovation, Cooperation and Sustainability".

• Logo: It features a lotus flower integrated with BRICS colors, symbolizing India's cultural heritage and modernity.
• People's Summit: Prime Minister Modi has set a target to organize this across 60 Indian cities so that it does not remain just a diplomatic event but becomes a mass movement.

"Green and Resilient" Agenda

This agenda is vital for the survival of the Global South:

• Climate Justice: Demanding 'Climate Finance' from developed nations.
• Green Infrastructure: Building disaster-resistant infrastructure, as India has initiated through the "Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure (CDRI)".
• Energy Transition: A collective transition from fossil fuels to renewable energy (solar, wind).

Main Pillars of BRICS 2026

1. Resilience: Diversifying global supply chains to reduce dependence on China.
2. Innovation: Implementing India’s UPI model in other BRICS countries.
3. Cooperation: Counter-terrorism cooperation and shared understanding on border security.
4. Sustainability: Accelerating the pace to achieve Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by 2030.

Strategic Importance and Analysis for India

• Balancing China: Despite the expansion of BRICS, India wants to ensure that the organization does not become 'China-centric'.
• Multipolar World: India is using BRICS to create a world where no single country (such as the US or China) has absolute dominance.
• Global Economic Leadership: India is leading efforts to reduce dependence on the dollar by promoting trade in local currencies.

Way Forward

• India must make the 'New Development Bank' (NDB) more active so that poor countries can access easy loans.
• Additionally, mutual disputes among members (such as the India-China border dispute) must be set aside to focus on shared economic interests.

Conclusion

BRICS 2026 is a golden opportunity for India to prove its role as a 'Vishwa Mitra' (Friend of the World) and a 'Leader of the Global South'. A 'Green and Resilient' agenda is not only necessary for the environment but will also provide new economic strength to developing countries.

Context

Recently, the 86th All India Presiding Officers’ Conference was organized in Lucknow, the capital of Uttar Pradesh. In this conference, a revolutionary step in Indian parliamentary history was announced. Lok Sabha Speaker Om Birla presented a resolution to create a 'National Legislative Index' (NLI) to evaluate the performance of all legislative bodies in the country.

What is the National Legislative Index (NLI)?

This index will be a scientific and objective framework that will conduct a comparative analysis of the functioning of the Parliament and various State Assemblies.

• Methodology: A special committee has been constituted for this purpose, which will decide the parameters of evaluation.
• Key Standards: This will include criteria such as the quality of discussion in the House, attendance of members, the relevance of passed laws, questions raised on public issues, and legislative discipline.
• Objective: Its main objective is to promote 'healthy competition' among legislative bodies and improve their efficiency.

Key Resolution: 'Rule of 30 Sittings'

Among the six resolutions passed during the conference, the most significant was regarding the number of sittings of State Assemblies.

• Current Challenge: Currently, in many states, Assembly sessions are limited to just 10 to 15 days.
• Proposal: Presiding Officers unanimously proposed that a consensus be built among all political parties to ensure a minimum of 30 sittings a year for State Assemblies.

Legislative Disruptions and 'Viksit Bharat 2047'

In view of the upcoming Budget session, the Lok Sabha Speaker expressed deep concern over 'planned disruptions'.

• Accountability: He clarified that the legislature is not just a law-making body but is the most important pillar for achieving the goal of 'Viksit Bharat @2047'.
• Role of Presiding Officers: Describing them as 'Sentinels of the Constitution' and 'Custodians of Democracy', Birla urged that the Houses be made centers of meaningful dialogue instead of political sloganeering.

Analysis

This initiative addresses three main challenges of Indian democracy:

• Accountability: Through NLI, the public will now be able to know on the basis of data how their elected Assembly is performing compared to other states.
• Cooperative Federalism: Competition among states regarding legislative reforms will strengthen federalism.
• Legislative Decline: Increasing the number of sittings and reducing disruptions will restore the lost dignity of the legislature.

Conclusion

This decision of the Lucknow Conference is a bold effort towards making the Indian parliamentary system more 'people-centric'. If the National Legislative Index is implemented effectively, it will not only increase transparency but also inspire elected representatives to remain more active and disciplined within the House. Ultimately, a strong legislature is the foundation of a robust democracy