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- Euvichol-S is an oral cholera vaccine.
- Developed by EuBiologics Co., Ltd., a South Korean biotech company.
- Designed to prevent cholera, a waterborne bacterial disease causing severe diarrhea and dehydration.
- Contains inactivated Vibrio cholerae O1 bacteria, the strain responsible for most cholera outbreaks.
- Administered orally, usually in two doses, to induce immune response.
- Provides protection against cholera for several months after vaccination.
- Euvichol-S is prequalified by the World Health Organization (WHO), ensuring its quality and safety.
- Used in cholera outbreak responses and for travelers visiting cholera-endemic areas.
- Contributes to cholera control efforts, especially in regions with poor sanitation and hygiene.
- Produced by the International Monetary Fund (IMF).
- Released biannually, providing an assessment of global financial markets and the stability of the international financial system.
- Analyzes key risks to global financial stability, including vulnerabilities in banking sectors, capital markets, and emerging market economies.
- Evaluates policy measures and reforms aimed at enhancing financial stability.
- Offers recommendations to policymakers, regulators, and financial institutions to address identified risks and vulnerabilities.
- Covers a wide range of topics such as debt sustainability, systemic risk, market liquidity, and financial innovation.
- Provides insights into trends shaping the global economy and financial landscape.
- Considered a vital resource for policymakers, investors, economists, and financial professionals worldwide.
- Celebrated annually on April 18th.
- Aimed at raising awareness about the importance of protecting and preserving cultural and natural heritage sites around the world.
- Established by the International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS) and later adopted by UNESCO in 1983.
- Honors the diversity of heritage sites, including monuments, landscapes, cities, and natural areas of outstanding universal value.
- Provides an opportunity to recognize the efforts of individuals, communities, and organizations in safeguarding heritage sites.
- Encourages educational initiatives, public events, and heritage-related activities to engage communities in heritage conservation.
- Highlights the role of heritage in fostering cultural identity, promoting sustainable development, and fostering intercultural dialogue.
- Raises awareness about the threats facing heritage sites, such as urbanization, pollution, climate change, and armed conflict.
- Inspires collective action to preserve and transmit heritage for future generations.
- Llama 3 is a next-generation antibody technology.
- Derived from llama antibodies, known for their small size and unique structure.
- Developed for therapeutic and diagnostic applications in biotechnology and medicine.
- Features smaller size compared to traditional antibodies, allowing better tissue penetration and targeting of difficult-to-reach molecules.
- Exhibits high stability and solubility, making it suitable for various environments, including harsh conditions like the gastrointestinal tract.
- Offers potential advantages in cancer therapy, infectious disease treatment, and imaging techniques.
- Llama 3 antibodies can be engineered for specific binding to target molecules, enhancing their effectiveness and reducing side effects.
- Represents a promising avenue for drug development and precision medicine.
- Continues to undergo research and development to unlock its full potential in biomedical applications.
- NDRF (National Disaster Response Fund):
- Established under the Disaster Management Act, 2005, by the Government of India.
- A dedicated fund aimed at providing immediate relief and rehabilitation assistance in the event of natural or man-made disasters.
- Managed by the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA), Government of India.
- Funded through budgetary allocations made by the central government.
- Used to supplement the efforts of state governments in responding to disasters that exceed their coping capacity.
- Utilized for various purposes including search and rescue operations, provision of temporary shelter, medical assistance, and restoration of infrastructure.
- NDRF guidelines specify the criteria for the release of funds and the procedures for their utilization.
- The central government may also make additional contributions to the NDRF from time to time as required.
- National Relief Funds:
- Refers to funds established at the national level to provide relief assistance during emergencies.
- Includes funds like the Prime Minister's National Relief Fund (PMNRF) and the Chief Minister's Relief Fund (CMRF) at the state level.
- PMNRF is managed by the Prime Minister's Office (PMO) and is used to provide financial assistance to individuals affected by natural calamities, major accidents, and other emergencies.
- CMRFs are managed by the respective state governments and serve a similar purpose at the state level.
- These funds rely on voluntary contributions from individuals, organizations, and corporate entities.
- Contributions made to these funds are eligible for tax benefits under relevant provisions of the Income Tax Act.
- The funds are utilized to provide immediate relief, rehabilitation, and reconstruction assistance to affected individuals and communities.
- They play a crucial role in supplementing government efforts in responding to disasters and emergencies.
- Definition: Cervical cancer is a type of cancer that develops in the cells of the cervix, the lower part of the uterus that connects to the vagina.
- Causes: It is primarily caused by persistent infection with high-risk strains of the human papillomavirus (HPV), a sexually transmitted infection. Other risk factors include smoking, a weakened immune system, early sexual activity, multiple sexual partners, and a family history of cervical cancer.
- Symptoms: In its early stages, cervical cancer may not cause any symptoms. As the cancer progresses, symptoms may include abnormal vaginal bleeding, pelvic pain, pain during sexual intercourse, and unusual vaginal discharge.
- Screening and Diagnosis: Screening tests such as the Pap smear (Pap test) and HPV DNA test can detect cervical abnormalities before cancer develops or in its early stages when it's most treatable. Diagnosis typically involves colposcopy, biopsy, and imaging tests to determine the extent of the cancer.
- Treatment: Treatment options for cervical cancer depend on the stage of the cancer and may include surgery (such as hysterectomy or removal of lymph nodes), radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these approaches.
- Prevention: Prevention strategies include vaccination against HPV for adolescents and young adults, practicing safe sex, quitting smoking, and undergoing regular cervical cancer screening as recommended by healthcare professionals.
- Global Impact: Cervical cancer is a significant global health issue, particularly in low- and middle-income countries where access to screening, vaccination, and treatment may be limited. It is one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths among women worldwide.
- Public Health Interventions: Efforts to reduce the burden of cervical cancer include public health campaigns to raise awareness about risk factors, promote vaccination programs, improve access to screening and treatment services, and strengthen healthcare systems to provide comprehensive cervical cancer care.